{"id":1068,"date":"2021-09-16T14:22:41","date_gmt":"2021-09-16T13:22:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/devnorthwales.wpengine.com\/?p=1068"},"modified":"2023-08-15T17:01:06","modified_gmt":"2023-08-15T16:01:06","slug":"beth-yw-strwythurau-data","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/online.wrexham.ac.uk\/cy\/beth-yw-strwythurau-data\/","title":{"rendered":"Beth yw strwythurau data?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Mae pob rhaglen gyfrifiadurol yn storio a phrosesu data. Mae pob meddalwedd cyfrifiadurol yn cynnwys model data sy\u2019n diffinio pa ddata fydd yn cael ei gasglu a\u2019i drin. R\u00f4l y strwythur data mewn meddalwedd yw pennu sut mae\u2019r llif data\u2019n cael ei reoli o ran mewnbwn, prosesau ac allbwn.<\/p>\n<p>Gall strwythur data drefnu, prosesu, casglu a storio data, ac maent yn ei gwneud hi\u2019n hawdd i ddefnyddwyr gael mynediad i\u2019r data angenrheidiol a gweithio gydag ef wrth fframio trefniant y wybodaeth o fewn y feddalwedd, fel bod y peiriant a\u2019r bod dynol yn gallu ei ddeall yn well. Mae sawl math sylfaenol ac uwch o strwythurau data sydd wedi cael eu dylunio\u2019n unigryw at ddiben penodol.<\/p>\n<p>Pan gaiff ei ddefnyddio mewn cyfrifiadureg neu raglennu cyfrifiadurol, gall pwrpas strwythur data for i\u2019w ddefnyddio gydag algorithmau amrywiol. Yn yr achos hwn, caiff y gweithrediadau algorithm sylfaenol eu paru gyda dyluniad y strwythur data.<\/p>\n<p>Caiff strwythurau data eu creu ochr yn ochr ag <a href=\"https:\/\/www.computerscience.org\/resources\/computer-programming-languages\/\">ieithoedd rhaglennu<\/a>. Os yw meddalwedd cyfrifiadur yn defnyddio iaith raglennu ar sail gwrthrychau, bydd y strwythur data a\u2019i ddulliau cysylltiedig yn cael eu huno\u2019n rhan o ddiffiniad o ddosbarth. Mewn ieithoedd nad ydynt ar sail gwrthrychau, mae\u2019n bosibl y bydd rhai swyddogaethau\u2019n cael eu diffinio i weithio gyda\u2019r strwythur data, ond nid ydynt yn dechnegol yn rhan ohono.<\/p>\n<p>Mae tair nodwedd sy\u2019n sail i ddosbarthiad pob strwythur data. Maent fel a ganlyn:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Llinellol neu anlinellol: <\/strong>Os yw\u2019r eitemau data\u2019n cael eu gosod mewn trefn neu\u2019n ddi-drefn<\/li>\n<li><strong>Homogenaidd neu heterogenaidd: <\/strong>Os yw\u2019r eitemau data mewn storfa benodol yr un math<\/li>\n<li><strong>Statig neu ddeinamig:<\/strong> Sut mae\u2019r strwythurau data\u2019n dod at ei gilydd &#8211; mae gan strwythurau data statig feintiau, strwythurau a lleoliadau cof penodol, mae gan strwythurau data deinamig feintiau, strwythurau a lleoliadau cof all leihau neu gynyddu\u2019n dibynnu ar y defnydd<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Beth yw mathau o ddata?<\/h2>\n<p>Er mai strwythurau data yw sylfeini adeiladu rhaglenni mwy soffistigedig megis algorithmau a rhaglenni cyfrifiadurol, mathau o ddata yw sylfeini strwythurau data.<\/p>\n<p>Mae\u2019r rhain fel arfer yn cynnwys y canlynol:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Booleaidd:<\/strong> storio gwerthoedd rhesymegol sydd un ai\u2019n wir neu\u2019n anwir<\/li>\n<li><strong>Cyfanrif: <\/strong>storio ystod o rifau<\/li>\n<li><strong>Rhifau pwynt amrywiol:<\/strong> storio cynrychioliad fformiwlaig o rifau go iawn<\/li>\n<li><strong>Rhifau pwynt sefydlog: <\/strong>cael eu defnyddio mewn rhai ieithoedd rhaglenni, maent yn dal gwerthoedd go iawn ond yn cael eu rheoli fel rhifau i\u2019r chwith ac i\u2019r dde o bwynt degol<\/li>\n<li><strong>Cymeriad:<\/strong> defnyddio symbolau o waith mapio diffiniedig o werthoedd cyfanrif i symbolau<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pwyntyddion: <\/strong>gwerthoedd cyfeirnodi sy\u2019n pwyntio i werthoedd eraill<\/li>\n<li><strong>Llinyn:<\/strong> amrywiaeth o gymeriadau cyn c\u00f4d stop, neu\u2019n cael ei reoli gan ddefnyddio maes hyd sy\u2019n werth cyfanrif<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Sut mae strwythurau data\u2019n cael eu defnyddio<\/h2>\n<p>Defnyddir strwythurau data i weithredu\u2019r ffurfiau corfforol o fathau data haniaethol, ac maent yn rhan hanfodol o ddylunio meddalwedd cyfrifiadurol effeithlon. Maent yn chwarae rhan hanfodol o ran dylunio algorithmau a sut mae\u2019r algorithmau hynny\u2019n cael eu defnyddio o fewn rhaglenni cyfrifiadurol. Mae llawer o ieithoedd rhaglennu\u2019n cynnwys casgliad mawr o strwythurau data eisoes sy\u2019n trefnu c\u00f4d a gwybodaeth i\u2019r peiriant a\u2019r defnyddiwr.<\/p>\n<p>Dyma rai enghreifftiau o sut caiff strwythurau data eu defnyddio:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Storio data: <\/strong>cael ei ddefnyddio ar gyfer parhad data effeithlon &#8211; manylu casgliad nodweddion cyfres ddata a\u2019i strwythur data cyfatebol<\/li>\n<li><strong>Rheoli adnoddau a gwasanaethau:<\/strong> caiff adnoddau a gwasanaethau\u2019r system weithredu graidd eu galluogi drwy strwythurau data megis rhestri cysylltiedig er mwyn dyrannu cof, rheoli storfeydd ffeiliau a choed strwythurau ffeiliau<\/li>\n<li><strong>Cyfnewid data: <\/strong>diffinio trefniant gwybodaeth a rennir rhwng rhaglenni<\/li>\n<li><strong>Trefnu a sortio: <\/strong>coed chwilio deuaidd (sydd hefyd yn cael eu galw\u2019n coed deuaidd \u00e2 threfn neu goed deuaidd wedi\u2019u storio) sy\u2019n trefnu gwrthrychau megis llinellau cymeriad sy\u2019n cael eu defnyddio fel tagiau<\/li>\n<li><strong>Mynegeio:<\/strong> Mae coed deuaidd yn mynegeio gwrthrychau sy\u2019n cael eu storio mewn cronfa ddata<\/li>\n<li><strong>Chwilio: <\/strong>mynegeion sydd wedi cael eu creu gan goed chwilio deuaidd, coed deuaidd neu dablau hash, sy\u2019n cyflymu\u2019r broses o ddod o hyd i eitem benodol<\/li>\n<li><strong>Gallu i bennu graddfa: <\/strong>mae rhaglenni data mawr yn defnyddio strwythurau data i ddyrannu a rheoli storfeydd data ledled lleoliadau storio wedi\u2019u dyrannu o fewn meddalwedd, gan alluogi pennu graddfa a gwella perfformiad<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Strwythurau data sy\u2019n cael eu defnyddio\u2019n rheolaidd<\/h2>\n<p>Gwybodaeth hanfodol yw strwythurau data cyffredin ar gyfer y rhai ym maes peirianneg meddalwedd. A dweud y gwir, mae\u2019n bosibl y bydd cwestiynau cyfweliad ar gyfer swyddi yn y sector cyfrifiadureg yn gofyn i gyfwelai restru rhai o\u2019r rhai mwyaf poblogaidd.<\/p>\n<h3>Araeau<\/h3>\n<p>Strwythur data maint penodol yw arae all ddal eitemau o\u2019r un data megis canolrifau, rhifau pwynt amrywiol neu linellau. Maent mewn mynegai, felly mae mynediad ar hap yn bosibl.<\/p>\n<p>Defnyddir y math hwn o strwythur data fel sylfaen ar gyfer rhestri arae, llwythi, tablau hash, fectorau a metrigau, a chaiff ei ddefnyddio er mwyn sortio algorithmau megis sortio mewnbynnu, sortio cyflym, sortio swigen a sortio uno.<\/p>\n<h3>Rhestri wedi\u2019u cysylltu<\/h3>\n<p>Strwythur dilynol yw rhestr wedi\u2019i gysylltu sydd \u00e2 nifer o eitemau yn nhrefn linellol sy\u2019n gysylltiedig \u00e2\u2019i gilydd.<\/p>\n<p>Ymhlith y mathau o restri wedi\u2019u cysylltu mae: rhestr cysylltiad unffordd &#8211; lle gall eitemau symud ymlaen yn unig; rhestr cysylltiad ddwyffordd &#8211; lle gall eitemau symud yn \u00f4l ac ymlaen; a rhestri cysylltiad cylchol &#8211; lle mae\u2019r pwyntydd ar y pen yn pwyntio i\u2019r cynffon, a\u2019r pwyntydd nesaf ar y cynffon yn pwyntio i\u2019r pen.<\/p>\n<h3>Staciau<\/h3>\n<p>Strwythur data LIFO (Olaf i Mewn Cyntaf Allan) sy\u2019n gyffredin mewn llawer o ieithoedd rhaglennu. Mae staciau\u2019n debyg i bentwr o blatiau mewn bywyd go iawn, a gellid mewnosod elfennau ar dop y stoc (gwthio), neu ddileu a\u2019i ddychwelyd i dop y stoc (popio).<\/p>\n<h3>Ciwiau<\/h3>\n<p>Strwythur data FIFO (Cyntaf i Mewn Cyntaf Allan), sy\u2019n gyffredin mewn sawl iaith raglennu. Gellid gosod elfennau ar ddiwedd y ciw (diwedd-ciw), neu eu dileu o ddechrau\u2019r ciw (dileu-ciw).<\/p>\n<h3>Tablau hash<\/h3>\n<p>Mae tabl hash yn storio gwerthoedd sydd ag allweddi\u2019n gysylltiedig \u00e2 phob un ohonynt, ac sy\u2019n cefnogi chwiliad os yw\u2019r allwedd yn gysylltiedig \u00e2\u2019r gwerth yn wybyddus. Mae\u2019n strwythur data effeithiol ar gyfer chwilio a mewnbynnu, waeth beth fo maint y data.<\/p>\n<p>Mae cyfeiriadu uniongyrchol yn defnyddio mapio un i un rhwng gwerthoedd ac allweddi wrth storio mewn tabl. Defnyddir y swyddogaeth hash i oresgyn y broblem hon, a rhoddir gwerth hash i bob allwedd.<\/p>\n<h3>Coed<\/h3>\n<p>Strwythur yw coed lle mae data\u2019n cael ei storio mewn hierarchaeth a\u2019i gysylltu gyda\u2019i gilydd. Mae rhai enghreifftiau o strwythurau data coed yn cynnwys coeden chwilio deuaidd, coeden B, <em>treap, <\/em>coeden coch-du, coeden goledd, coeden AVL a choeden n-ary.<\/p>\n<h3>Pentyrrau<\/h3>\n<p>Mae pentyrrau\u2019n achos arbennig o goed deuaidd lle mae gwerthoedd y rhiant nodau\u2019n cael eu cymharu \u00e2\u2019u plant nodau a\u2019u trefnu\u2019n unol \u00e2 hynny. Maent yn cael eu defnyddio gan JVM (Peiriant Rhithwir Java) i storio gwrthrychau Java.<\/p>\n<h3>Graffiau<\/h3>\n<p>Mae graff yn cynnwys cyfres gyfyngedig o fertigau neu nodau a chyfres o ymylon yn cysylltu\u2019r fertigau hyn.<\/p>\n<p>Mae graff \u00e2 chyfeiriad yn nodi cyfeiriad y fertig dechreuol a\u2019r fertig ar y diwedd. Gall graff heb gyfeiriad fynd unrhyw ffordd rhwng y ddau fertig, heb unrhyw ymyl yn gorfod bod \u00e2 chyfeiriad pendant.<\/p>\n<h2>Dysgu mwy am strwythurau data gwahanol<\/h2>\n<p>Os ydych yn bwriadu datblygu eich gwybodaeth ar strwythurau data ymhellach, mae <a href=\"https:\/\/online.wrexham.ac.uk\/msc-computer-science\/\">MSc Cyfrifiadureg<\/a> Ysgol Rheoli Gogledd Cymru yn berffaith i chi, waeth os ydych yn gweithio ym maes cyfrifiadureg ar hyn o bryd neu\u2019n awyddus i newid eich llwybr gyrfa.<\/p>\n<p>Wedi\u2019i dylunio gyda ffocws byd go iawn, bydd y radd hon yn cynnig sgiliau datrys problemau gwerthfawr all fod yn berthnasol i\u2019ch gyrfa, boed hynny fel rhaglennydd, datblygwr meddalwedd, deallusrwydd artiffisial, neu yrfa gyfrifiadureg arall.<\/p>\n<p>Wedi\u2019i hastudio ar-lein yn llwyr, byddwch yn rhyngweithio gyda chyfoedion o bob rhan o\u2019r byd mewn tiwtorialau a\u2019n hamgylchedd dysgu rhithwir pwrpasol, gan roi cyfle i chi dyfu eich rhwydwaith byd-eang.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Mae pob rhaglen gyfrifiadurol yn storio a phrosesu data. Mae pob meddalwedd cyfrifiadurol yn cynnwys model data sy\u2019n diffinio pa ddata fydd yn cael ei gasglu a\u2019i drin. R\u00f4l y strwythur data mewn meddalwedd yw pennu sut mae\u2019r llif data\u2019n cael ei reoli o ran mewnbwn, prosesau ac allbwn. Gall strwythur data drefnu, prosesu, casglu &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/online.wrexham.ac.uk\/cy\/beth-yw-strwythurau-data\/\">Continued<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":1067,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_daim_seo_power":"","_daim_enable_ail":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[20],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1068","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-erthyglau"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Beth yw strwythurau data? - Ysgol Reolaeth Gogledd Cymru<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/online.wrexham.ac.uk\/cy\/beth-yw-strwythurau-data\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cy_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Beth yw strwythurau data? - Ysgol Reolaeth Gogledd Cymru\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Mae pob rhaglen gyfrifiadurol yn storio a phrosesu data. Mae pob meddalwedd cyfrifiadurol yn cynnwys model data sy\u2019n diffinio pa ddata fydd yn cael ei gasglu a\u2019i drin. R\u00f4l y strwythur data mewn meddalwedd yw pennu sut mae\u2019r llif data\u2019n cael ei reoli o ran mewnbwn, prosesau ac allbwn. Gall strwythur data drefnu, prosesu, casglu &hellip; Continued\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/online.wrexham.ac.uk\/cy\/beth-yw-strwythurau-data\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Ysgol Reolaeth Gogledd Cymru\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2021-09-16T13:22:41+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-08-15T16:01:06+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/online.wrexham.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/Image-of-lines-connecting-to-depict-data-structures.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"800\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"300\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Ruth Brooks\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Ruth Brooks\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"6 munud\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/online.wrexham.ac.uk\/cy\/beth-yw-strwythurau-data\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/online.wrexham.ac.uk\/cy\/beth-yw-strwythurau-data\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Ruth Brooks\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/online.wrexham.ac.uk\/cy\/#\/schema\/person\/78a0572f5f1b0cd34114b7db2fce2ded\"},\"headline\":\"Beth yw strwythurau data?\",\"datePublished\":\"2021-09-16T13:22:41+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-08-15T16:01:06+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/online.wrexham.ac.uk\/cy\/beth-yw-strwythurau-data\/\"},\"wordCount\":1350,\"commentCount\":0,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/online.wrexham.ac.uk\/cy\/beth-yw-strwythurau-data\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/online.wrexham.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/Image-of-lines-connecting-to-depict-data-structures.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Erthyglau\"],\"inLanguage\":\"cy\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/online.wrexham.ac.uk\/cy\/beth-yw-strwythurau-data\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/online.wrexham.ac.uk\/cy\/beth-yw-strwythurau-data\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/online.wrexham.ac.uk\/cy\/beth-yw-strwythurau-data\/\",\"name\":\"Beth yw strwythurau data? 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Ruth graduated from the University of South Australia (UniSA) with a Bachelor of Arts (Professional and Creative Communications) in 2007 and a Graduate Certificate in Marketing in 2015. Her experience spans the research, writing and editing of print and digital communications and marketing collateral for UniSA, as well as the creative development and design of a wide variety of visual communications including print publications and digital marketing assets for University College London. 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R\u00f4l y strwythur data mewn meddalwedd yw pennu sut mae\u2019r llif data\u2019n cael ei reoli o ran mewnbwn, prosesau ac allbwn. 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